Designing an Daptive Mobile Learning Using Multiple Intelligence (MI) Dissertation

Designing an Daptive Mobile Learning Using Multiple Intelligence (MI) Theory - Dissertation Example Ubiquitous learning is highly contextual and involves multiple technologies like mobile, wireless, sensing, etc. Context-aware ubiquitous learning platform (CULP) is one such platform that is found to enhance the efficiency of learning (Gu et al., n.d.; Hwang et al., 2011; Hwang et al., 2010). Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory is â€Å"a classical model by which to understand and teach many aspects of human intelligence, learning style, personality and behaviour - in education and industry† (Chapman, 2009). Earlier tools were limited in providing real-time support through mutual collaboration; however, most recent tools for adaptive learning through multiple intelligences have state-of-the-art technologies enabling a real-world adaptive learning environment for CULP. Multiple Intelligences, Artificial Intelligence, Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks are also used in developing ubiquitous learning tools (Cabada et al., 2008). The models for such tools will be studied in this paper to help design a new model that can address the short-comings in the present models. The proposed model for ubiquitous learning will be a comprehensive and highly adaptive model based on the use of multiple intelligences. ... FRAME) (Figure 1) addressed the issue of information overload, navigation of content and collaboration for gaining the relevant knowledge by focusing on the integration of mobile technology, human learning capacity and social interactions. Figure 1: FRAME model for mobile learning. Source: (Koole, 2011). Context-sensitive learning schedule framework, mCALS, uses context-aware location and time information to schedule learning. Verification for the strict adherence of schedule for learning is also incorporated in this framework (Yau et al., 2010). Sung’s (2009) Ubiquitous Learning Environment (ULE) model uses MI theory and effectively combines the advantages that an adaptive learning environment and ubiquitous computing have to offer along with the flexibility of mobile devices. This combination enables learning collaborators, content and services to be available in a context-aware framework. While the models discussed have been able to allow interaction based on context-awaren ess, Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS), similar to Artificial Intelligence (AI), has a low-end model called TenseITS which offers the flexibility of learning English tenses and does not take into consideration the individual needs of the learner in terms of location. C-POLMILE is another standard model of ITS that offers synchronised learning capability over PC and a mobile environment, and is used for C programming. MoreMATHS is another extension of ITS, used for mobile revision for Maths as it offers a Math learning environment that is mainly on the PC with revision enabled on a mobile device. Similarly, SQL ITS is another customized ITS for MS SQL database administration that can be synchronised with the mobile device (Bull et al., 2004). Cui and Bull (2005) note that TenseITS adapts to the

Far from the madding crowd Essay Example for Free

Far from the madding crowd Essay Although this may portray him as being practical, he does not wear any clothes that are flamboyant. He is also foolishly and naively presumptuous, expecting Bathsheba to say yes the instant he asks her to marry him. He thinks that the pursuit of love is a simple and straightforward affair; but in this novel he discovers the opposite is true. However, Oak is a young man of sound judgement, being honest and hard working. For example, he immediately discerns Bathshebas character that of being vain. He even knows about Troys character, warning Bathsheba of this, but she takes no notice. He is very practical and trustworthy, being able help out in a crisis like that of Bathshebas where there her hayricks were on fire. Unfortunately, she does not realise that Troy is tricking her and that Oak is the right one for her through his ways. She is too vain to realise this and that is why she falls into Troys trap. She refuses to marry Oak because she wants excitement and, therefore, she marries Troy who is just tricking her. Otherwise, Oak is the right one overall out of the three men. Oak has a high social status and receives respect because he is a farmer. If we look at Oaks history we will find that he has never experienced love or a sort of relationship similar to that of Bathshebas and Troys. However, he is in a way wise in this case because he advises Bathsheba not to marry Troy. We, as the readers, know that what Oak is saying is right because we have seen what Troy was like with Fanny. However, because Oak has never had a relationship like this before, Bathsheba feels that it would be foolish listening to Oak. Therefore, she refuses to listen to Oak in chapter 29 and continues to marry Troy. Oak does warn her that he is not good enough for her and tells her not to trust Troy due to her not knowing Troy very well. She knows what he says is right, but she does not want to hear it. Bathsheba also likes the fact that he is very well educated and that he is a soldier where she likes his looks I must say that Sergeant Troy is an educated man and quite worthy of any women. We can see from this that Bathsheba is deluding herself. Troy is extremely wealthy and as a consequence he enjoys throwing money around. This is another factor that Bathsheba likes. However, little does she realise is that Troy has had relationships with many other women, including Fanny, and upholds a bad reputation. When having the conversation with Oak she mentions that she likes the fact that Troy goes to church He is very particular, too, about going to church yes he is! However, Oak mentions that nobody has ever seen Troy at church before, but Bathsheba says that Troy told her that he goes in privately and sits at the back. This shows that Troy lies to her a lot, but because he had lured her into his trap she will believe anything that she tells her. When Bathsheba tells Oak this, she tells him eagerly, showing that because she loves Troy so much she is really trying to back up Troy. So we can see that there is no way where Oak would be able to persuade Bathsheba that Troy is not the right one until she sees for herself. Due to Bathshebas fondness for Troy the relationship between her and Troy deepens into romance where they both marry. The relationship is deepened by some of the things that Troy does as discussed earlier such as the time when he shows off his sword skill to Bathsheba, when he kisses her and when she helps him put on the veil. Her relationship declines with Oak, however, thus leaving him out of the picture. Her relationship with Boldwood is quite weak too. We notice this through various ways, one of them being their actions. The actions that actually do occur between Boldwood and Bathsheba are out of mere duty when she moves into Weatherbury Farm. It his duty to welcome new comers just like Bathsheba, not because he is interested in her. This shows that they do not have any physical attraction between each other. However, the relationship between her and Troy declines rapidly once they marry. There are several factors that cause this rapid decline in the relationship. One of the factors is that he often borrowed money from her to spend at racehorse tracks and almost always lost. Another was his drinking problem, which led to his irresponsibility. On return to the farm as its new owner, he organised a wedding celebration at which he got himself and all the workers drunk. He had a love of women. As Liddy has told Bathsheba, he was a womaniser who had countless women under his thumb and didnt care a bit about how they felt, as long as he got what he wanted, especially when it came to leaving them. It became apparent later in the novel that his one true love was indeed Fanny Robin, the girl he had left for dead. When he tried to pay back the debt he felt he owed her by buying a gravestone for her, as well as laying flowers by her graveside, the weather destroyed what he had done, leaving him to believe that because of his abandonment of her he had been damned forever, and even worse he now abandoned a second woman, his wife Bathsheba. When he disappeared after he had been presumed dead, he did not return for at least seven months and this shows his lack of concern for Bathsheba. At one point before this, he had become bored with her, and even said this to her face: You are nothing to me nothing, showing that he was not serious enough about their marriage. Her relationship with Oak, however, increases because he helps her whenever there is a crisis, thus allowing Bathsheba to trust him even more. This also helps her to realise that she made an unwise decision in marrying Troy, especially because he abandons her. Oak sees the weakness of Bathshebas relationship with Troy and realises how incompetent at running the farm Troy is. Troy ends up controlling most aspects of the farm and ignoring Bathshebas wishes even though he is uncertain of what he is doing. Bathsheba married Troy between jealously and distraction and it is clear that she is discontent with him as a husband. With a storm brewing and the men drunk Oak covers the hayricks with Bathsheba helping him but when lightning strikes they are in the barn, together as they should be. She knows that Gabriel Oak will always love her, be there for her, and she thanks him for his devotion. Bathsheba is now able to see that Oak is the right one to marry and so she does when he is the only one left as discussed at the beginning. She also married him because she doesnt want to be left alone until she dies. This shows that she has matured now because she makes a right decision of marrying Oak, realising that she should have married him in the first place instead of marrying Troy. At first we see Bathshebas immaturity, which is seen when she sends a valentine to Boldwood as a joke. She is also seen as being capricious where she goes from one man to another: hearts were imagined as lost and won. She gives the impression of not being wise enough to discern Troys character. However, Bathsheba soon becomes mature and wise towards the end of the novel where she eventually realises that Oak is the man she should marry. From all the above we can see who of these three male suitors was right for Bathsheba and why he was. That man is Gabriel Oak, who loved her genuinely, tenderly and patiently from the moment he first saw her to the very last line of the book. He had never given up on her, had never let her be harmed in anyway and always gave her advice which was sound and right, even if she refused to accept it. In the end, Bathsheba admitted to him that if he had only been more forward then he would have been the first choice if it had even come to that. Troy was obviously the worst possible husband for her because of his gambling, drinking and womanising vices, but mainly because he still loved Fanny Robin. Bathsheba had just been a passing fancy whom he quickly got tired of. Boldwoods relationship with Bathsheba was much more genuine and acceptable at the start but tragically it became a fatal obsession for poor desperate Boldwood. Gabriels relationship with her was a lengthy one, tried and tested, totally unselfish. Bathsheba was indeed very fortunate that Gabriel was patient enough to wait until she matured enough to recognise his good qualities. As in most good stories, the best man wins in the end.

Structures And Functions Of Cells In Nervous System Biology Essay

Structures And Functions Of Cells In Nervous System Biology Essay Neurons are the nerve cells; they contain a cell body, an axon, and dendrites. The cell body is the part that contains the nucleus and cytoplasm. The axon is a piece that extends from the cell body; its job is to send impulses away from the cell body. Most are covered with myelin sheath. This sheath helps protect the axon and speeds the impulse. The dendrites branch off from the cell body also, their job is to send impulses to the cell body. Neuralgia is a connective tissue that supports the neurons. Their job is to protect the nervous system. Astrocytes look like star-shaped cells; they are the biggest of the neuroglial cells in the central nervous system. Astrocytes surround the brains blood capillaries to form blood-brain barriers which protect the brain from harmful substances. Microglia are smaller cells that eat cellular debris, waste, and pathogens in nerve tissue. Oligodendrocytes are in the interstitial nervous system, smaller than astrocytes. They wrap around axons to form myelin sheaths. As stated above, the sheaths protect the axons and speed the nerve impulses. Describe the structures and functions of the  peripheral nervous system (PNS). Be sure to include the nerves associated with the PNS, and contrast the functions of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The peripheral nervous system consists of nerves, which transmit impulses from the brain to other parts of the body; and ganglion, which are masses of nerve cell bodies that connect structures. There are two main groups of nerves: the afferent nerves and the efferent nerves. The afferent nerves send information from the body to the brain. The efferent nerves send information from the brain to the muscles. The system is then broken into the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic nervous system regulates the voluntary controlled parts of the skeletal muscles, while the autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary controlled parts like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, the glands, and secretions. The autonomic nervous system is also broken into two parts: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division responds when the body is in danger, increases heart rate, blood pressure, etc. The parasympathetic division is when the body is relaxed and resting. It is responsible for things like constriction of pupil, slowing of heart, and digestive systems. Name the two primary components of the  central nervous system (CNS).   Describe the protective membranes associated with the CNS. Differentiate between afferent and efferent nerve structure and function. The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The brain is protected by the skull and the spinal cord is, obviously, protected by the vertebrae. They are also surrounded by meninges and by cerebrospinal fluid. The meninges are three protective layers of tissue. The outermost layer is the dura mater, the middle is the arachnoid membrane, and then the pia mater is the innermost layer. The cerebrospinal fluid flows all around the brain and spinal cord. It provides nutrients to the central nervous system. The spinal cord consists of afferent and efferent nerves. The afferent nerves send information from the body to the brain. The efferent nerves send information from the brain to the muscles. Name and give a brief description of the structures of the brain. Include the functions of these structures. The four major divisions of the brain are the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, and the brain stem. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It is the whole top portion of the brain; it controls the memory, sensations, and voluntary movements. The cerebellum is attached to the brain stem and its main function is to coordinate body movements and balance. The diencephalon is in between the cerebrum and the midbrain. It consists of the thalamus, which is in charge of the sensory stimuli; the hypothalamus, which is in charge of sensory functions (i.e.: sleep, appetite, etc.); and the pineal body, which is in charge of regulating the bodys biological clock. The brain stem is between the spinal cord and the diencephalon and consists of the medulla oblongata, the pons, and the upper part of the midbrain. The brain stem is the path for impulses between the brain and the body. Choose 10 pathological conditions affecting the nervous system; describe each including diagnosis and treatment, if applicable. Alzheimers disease is a progressively fatal disease. It destroys brain cells and causes memory loss. Gradually over time the person will no longer be able to write or perform tasks, and then it gets to the point that the person cannot even control bodily functions such as bowel and bladder movements. There is not really a diagnostic test yet that has identified Alzheimers. There is no cure for AD, but the use of tacrine hydrochloride is used in mild cases to improve memory. Bells palsy is generally a temporary paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face following trauma. Diagnosis is simply the inability to close eye or drooling because of no control of facial muscle on one side of the face after a trauma has occurred. There is really no treatment needed, however, facial massage, heat, prednisone for swelling, or analgesia for pain all help. Anencephaly is when there is no brain or spinal cord at birth. The only diagnosis is through an amniocentesis during pregnancy, and there is nothing they can do. Carpal tunnel syndrome is pressure on the median nerve caused by swelling of the tendons. Doctors diagnose carpal tunnel based on the symptoms of tingling in the fingers or palms of hands, pain in the wrists, or weakness in hands. Treatment uses splints, anti-inflammatory drugs, and sometimes surgery. Cerebral contusion occurs when the brain hits the inner skull and causes a bruise of the brain, happens most often in car accidents. If doctors suspect a cerebral contusion they can have an MRI or CT scan run. Treatment consists of close observation, if there is a lot of intracranial pressure then surgery may be needed. Huntingtons chorea is an inherited, degenerative disorder. The characteristics are spontaneous involuntary motor movements, speech problems, and restlessness. Since the disease is inherited, genetic testing could be done to diagnose the disease even before it begins. There is unfortunately no cure for this disease. There are many support groups for families affected by the disease. Narcolepsy is a sleeping disorder where the person can fall asleep randomly for minutes or even hours at a time. A polysomnogram can be performed to evaluate the persons sleep patterns. There is no cure, but medications are used to control the symptoms. Shingles (herpes zoster) is a viral infection that causes a rash on the body; occurs mostly in adults over 50. Flu-like symptoms, GI disturbances, tiredness, and rash are all symptoms that help to diagnose the disease. Treatments are used to help ease pain and get you better faster (analgesics or antiviral medications). Paraplegia is caused when there is severe injury to the spinal cord, results in paralysis of the lower half of the body. There is no treatment for paraplegia. However I did see online that there are many support groups for anyone who knows or falls victim to paraplegia. Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. MS destructs the myelin surrounding nerves of the CNS. There are many symptoms that indicate someone could have MS: Unsteady balance, numbness of multiple extremities, facial numbness, and even impotence in males. When a doctor suspects MS an MRI may be performed, complete blood count, and spinal fluid evaluation. As with many of the diseases of the nervous system, there is no cure for MS. There are some medications that have helped prolong remissions, and as always there are support systems to help the family and persons affected by the disease.

Human Life And Fire :: essays research papers

Human Life and Fire The world is full of powerful forces. There are forces that effect the entire society and there are forces that only effect a select part of it. One of the most powerful forces of nature is fire. Fire is constantly present in today's society. Whether it be by staying warm or the destruction of private memories and property, fire is an ongoing influence in society. Due to this fact, it is possible to compare fire and life in general. Fire begins with an idea of a spark. Then the spark is made and with the help of kindling, the flame begins to grow. Once a flame begins to grow it can take many paths because of the influences of external forces. If a wind blows, the flames change their direction and velocity and can engulf many other things. On the other hand, if there is no wind, the fire may burn itself to the ground and never reach its full potential. If rain begins, the fire is slowed and may even be stopped for good. Oxygen is necessary for a fire to flourish; without it a fire will whittle and die. Some objects allow fire to burn for years while others burn out very quickly or are not able to be burned at all. No two fires are alike, in what they do. Some roam free while others are confined to an area. A fire is beautiful to some, while to others it is dangerous and hellish. These phrases can be used to illustrate life, as well. Life begins as a type of spark. Some believe that life begins at conception, thus showing that life does begin with a very small, yet significant "spark." Others believe that life begins at birth. This could be related to the beginning "spark" of life through the way a baby enters the world, in material form. Humans begin to grow through their experiences and how they are raised. Each person lives their own life because of the impact these external factors have on them. As times change, people and attitudes change. This is a fact of life. Due to certain outside influences, a person may make the best of themselves or just diminish in the general mass of society. Humans survive and flourish because of their environment. It is general scientific knowledge that humans survive because of the oxygen in the air. Without good oxygen content, humankind could not survive. If a certain part of the country has better air quality, then usually the general public has less health problems, i.

Human Morality Essay

A common question throughout history has always been about human morality. Because of our higher thinking capacity, we are hardwired to adapt and refine our basic instincts to survive; therefore, it is obvious this question would be disputed throughout time. Are humans innately good, bad, or plainly neutral? The position that any one person takes may be derived from any number of ideas, be them philosophical thoughts or scientific inquiries. This essay asserts that morality is innate, and uses both scientific studies and ideas from philosophers to support this argument. Man is essentially good, and the different ways people are nurtured—from societal influences to parental influences—creates the large spectrum and variety of behavior that may not be deemed â€Å"good† or â€Å"moral.† The magazine Smithsonian published an article named â€Å"Born to Be Mild† in January of 2013 on morality in young children. This article wrote about a few different studies done on children by three different experimenters. In one of the studies titled â€Å"Spontaneous Altruism by Chimpanzees and Young Children,† Felix Warneken tested the morality of humans through young babies (because they have had little to no socialization) and also tested morality of chimpanzees, the closest relative to humans. In this study, 18-month-old toddlers were tested to see if they would help others in need by retrieving a dropped item that an adult struggled for. In almost all instances, the child returned the item. Warneken stated, â€Å"[Helping at that age] is not something that’s been trained, and [the children] come to help without prompting or without being rewarded† (Tucker 39). Not only did the toddlers help people in need, they also helped without social cues (such as the distress someone in need has). Many toddlers in the experiment Warneken created helped retrieve a can that had fallen off a table next to an adult and the adult failed to realize something was amiss. When Warneken tested the chimpanzees to see if they would return the same answers, he tested chimpanzees that were nursery-raised and semi-wild chimps. Both tests displayed the same results as the tests on the toddlers—chimpanzees were willing to help both humans and other chimps in need with no reward for themselves (Tucker 39-41). The fact that most of the toddlers and human relatives, the chimpanzees, helped others in need both with and without social cues strongly points to the idea that human morality is innate. A second study highlighted in the Smithsonian article was a reproduction of a previous study from the mid-2000s. The original study was an animated presentation shown to six to ten month old babies in one group and three month old babies in a second. The animated presentation consisted of a red circle attempted to climb a hill. In one instance, a triangle helped the circle climb, and in another, a square knocked the circle down. When the square and triangle were presented to the older group of babies, almost all babies chose the helping triangle over the hindering square. For the younger group, the researchers tracked the eye movement of the babies to either the triangle or square, because the babies could not physically grab the object. In the reproduction, done by another experimenter, the results were the same. Once again, evidence suggests that because babies seem so morally good, humans are innately good, and it is the nurture we receive as we are socialized into this culture th at may cause some people to seem morally corrupt (Tucker 38-39). It should be noted that because the reproduction provided the same results as the original study, an even stronger case was created for the idea of innate human morality. The messages that Machiavelli gives in â€Å"The Qualities of the Prince† may cause one to believe that humans are innately evil because through â€Å"The Qualities of the Prince,† Machiavelli details how to be cunning, take control, and maintain control as a ruler of a province. His teachings seem to create humans as greedy people, hungry for more. This is actually very incorrect. Machiavelli clearly states, â€Å"it is necessary for a prince†¦to learn how to not be good† (42). I emphasize that Machiavelli wrote a man must learn to not be good. One can assume from this that Machiavelli is saying man is at least in some degree, wholesome and moral. After all, humans were never meant to civilize and evolve. We are, in true form, animals that have an instinct to survive. Ruling and gaining power is a man-made idea. Opponents to the idea that humans are moral might suggest that if ruling is man-made, evil is already within us because we created the concept of ruling others; however, if man were truly evil, he would not take murder as a heavy offense, and would kill others in his way to get what he wants instead of just gaining control. The examples of rulers that Machiavelli writes help to reiterate this point. These men were not born thinking of war and control. They were raised and socialized to lead and gain power. Steinbeck and the messages he delivers in The Grapes of Wrath also point to the idea that human morality is innate. The author often writes of the distinct line of those with, and those without—in other words, the owners and the migrants or farmers. Steinbeck makes a point to write about how close-knit the migrants are in many instances. Steinbeck writes â€Å"‘I lost my land’ is changed†¦[to] ‘We lost our land.’,† ‘I have a little food’ plus ‘I have none’†¦.is ‘We have a little food’† (151); â€Å"the twenty families became one family† (193); and â€Å"when a baby dies a pile of silver coins grew at the door flap† (195). All of these quotes show the goodness in others, to do something for someone in need. This is all in contrast to the owners, which on multiple different pages Steinbeck writes how disconnected they are from the land, and â€Å"the quality of owning freezes you forever into ‘I’† (Steinbeck 152). These owners are so encompassed by the material culture around them, by the greed and the blanketed reality that they cannot see with a moral compass anymore. Of course they have one, for at one point they might have been like the farmers, caring for others and instituted into the â€Å"we† group. Proponents for human neutrality might argue that the owners were never at any point good, that they were neutral and socialized into the owning culture, unlike the farming culture. This is not the case, however, through a passage that Steinbeck wrote very early in The Grapes of Wrath, which said, â€Å"Some of the owner men were kind because they hated what they had to do, and some of them were angry because they hated to be cruel, and some of them were cold because they had long ago found that one could not be an owner unless one were cold† (31). This insinuates that in all types of owners, there is a moral compass. Even in the coldest owners, deep within them, they acknowledge the idea that the work they do is wrong. Because the owners know what is wrong, they know the opposite as well—what is right. If the owners were not innately good, their views on what is right or wrong would be skewed by their societal influences. While people will never give up the argument of human morality, it is a safe bet to argue that humans are innately good. We possess the ability to help spontaneously and without reward, as shown in the scientific studies, and we understand what is right and wrong. Our societal influences and the way we were raised affects if we will channel our morality or go against it, as shown by Machiavelli in â€Å"The Qualities of the Prince† and by Steinbeck in The Grapes of Wrath. Works Cited Machiavelli, Niccolo. â€Å"The Qualities of the Prince.† A World of Ideas. Ed. Lee Jacobus. 8th e. Boston: Bedford, 2010. Print. Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Penguin, 1939. Print. Tucker, Abigail. â€Å"Born to Be Mild.† Smithsonian Jan. 2013: 35-41, 76-77. Print.

buy custom Disillusionment in Pursuit of the American Dream essay

buy custom Disillusionment in Pursuit of the American Dream essay Americans have a way of living such kind of lives which struggle for happiness. Many of them believe that happiness is realized through acquiring wealth. However, such an idea is doomed to fail. People all over fight their whole lives to make success to get to their intended goal. Such a goal is different from one person to another. These perceptions all have been defined by the American Dream. Fitzgerald makes use of the idea being in pursuit of happiness in the book Great Gatsby (Bruccoli 2-17). The author of this great book grew up in a period of time where people were seeking prosperity and happiness. Therefore, much of the influence he got in writing this book particularly was the time he lived. The theme of failure has been highlighted by Fitzgerald to develop Jay Gatsby character together with the struggle he makes to win back his True love. Thus, this essay explores the disappointment that engulfs Jay Gatsby, in pursuit of the American Dream as expounded in the book, The Grea t Gatsby. The American Dreams differ from one person to the other. For one, it could be the creation of enough wealth to support the family and live a luxurious life. However, happiness is the peak envisioned by many especially through amassing insurmountable sums of money. The American Dream generally has become the pursuit of prosperity in material things rather than just happiness (Curnutt 23-45). In this classic American book The Great Gatsby, the story revolves around an individual, Jay Gatsby, a poor boy with aspirations of becoming a rich man to win over Daisy, a girl he has fallen irrevocably in love with in his adolescence. The author writes that the truth was ideally that Jay of West Egg could spring from his platonic realization of himself. He is merely regarded as Gods son who the author in a somewhat comic way says that he was simply a son of God as stated. Jay grew as James Gatz, on a Dakota farm which saw him change his name later to Jay Gatsby (Cullen 34-45). The bright prospects that belied the future prompted Jay to change his name. The conviction that he would turn away from his dark past and face a promising future always motivated his daily undertakings and chores execution. He however meets Daisy as a young officer in the military in Louisville prior to leaving for World War I. Jay begins to face obstacles in his ambitions. Hefirst cheats on Daisy concerning his past. He presents himself as a well off person that is in a position to move on with Daisy. Daisy makes promises of waiting for Gatsby after he lives for the WWI. Unfortunately, Daisy marries Tom Buchanan after two years. Gatsby at the same time was taking his studies in Oxford to attain education after coming from the war. Gatsby makes a dedication of his entire life to get Daisy back (Prigozy 11-21). This was indeed a humiliating affair. All the effort that was supposed to be put in chasing after his dream has now been changed towards something different. More and problems emerge as he indulges in illegal actions to get millions of money which he sees as important in wining Daisy back to his life. His life turns into illusions and dreams of getting Daisy. His initial plans are diverted and his life is turned in a lousy life of throwing extravagant parties with high hopes that Daisy will avail herself in at least one of the parties. His entire life is completely changed and now lives with the intuition that Daisy will one day chose to come back to him (Curnutt 23-45). His journey to happiness and realizing his American Dream never comes his way. Even after knowing very well that there are no chances that Daisy will return, Gatsby is very committed in protecting her. His life is fully pre-occupied with Daisy such that he cannot find out meaning in any other thing. Gatsbys obstacles to realizing his American dream continues to mount as he fills Daisy with a lot of idealistic faultless image that she cannot truly accomplish in reality and pursues her with an enthusiastic eagerness that in essence blinds him to Daisys boundaries. The more we try to recall the earliest impressions of Gatsbys life, the more surprising the result comes. He has gone through so much in pursuit of happiness yet his success is muddled up in a mild of experiences and life obstacles. As a result of the many life obstacles, his dream of having Daisy has fallen into pieces. He has been left out as a miserable piece of cowhide. Gatsby remained a captive of his identity based on the choices he made; one being Daisy who has turned away from him and the pursuit of monetary wealth ostensibly to woo Daisy back. The turn of events in the life of Gatsby is a true representation of the corruption that prosperity can cause and the unworthy nature of the goaal same as the way Fitzgerald looks at the American Dream completely being fruitless in the 1920s. As the prevailing vivacity, independence and hopefulness of America dwindles to the immorality behind the pursuit of money and riches. Gatsbys character could seem be as a result of the American Dream quintessence. Gatsby is very convinced that if he can create a lot of wealth, he can easily win Daisy and consequently achieve his personal American Dream. However, the truth is that is not apparently going to take place. Fitzgerald (189) says that Gatsbys dream should have appeared so close that he could barely fail to get hold of it. All the same, he did not realize that it was indeed behind him, some place in the vast obscurity far much beyond the city where the dark fields of the nation rolled on in the night. The last words of the book state that Gatsby had the belief that the green light or rather the orgiastic feature year after year recedes in front of us. The American Dream eluded Gatsby and regardless of whatever happens, tomorrow is expected to unfold in a very fast way. Gats by past is very significant to his future dreams as shown by the green light (Prigozy 11-21). However, these moves are disturbed and muddled up by obstacles which he fails to control and manage well. To conclude, the struggle made by human beings to attain their aspirations and dreams through surpassing and in the reconstruction of history is what the Great Gatsby novel is based on. Though the American Dream has held high hopes for people like Gatsby, it has all ended up sour, with less of the expectations met. However, that is not the real issue. The point could have been the manner in which we respond to the consequences and results of pursuing our dreams. This probably determines the eventual success of the individual. While we have hope that things can get better, we should also be prepared if the worst happens. The lack of proper strategies for fall back if things turn out sour characterizes Gatsbys life points the inevitability of failure due to individual mistakes. The failure of such people like Gatsby to fully attain the American goal points to disillusionment, only that is self inflicted and the realization of the American dream is hinged on the individual focus. Life t akes a natural course and does not make provisions for fantasies and if forced, they just vanish like air. Buy custom Disillusionment in Pursuit of the American Dream essay

Religious Studies Research Paper Topics and Ideas

Religious Studies Research Paper Topics and Ideas The sphere of religious studies is quite a complicated issue because the student has to be deeply involved in the topic and understand all interconnections in a separate set of views. In general, a religious studies research paper can be aimed at the investigation of a particular religion and controversial issues connected with it. In such papers, it is important to pay attention to the main postulates and concepts of the specific religion to be accurate in statements and ideas. Writing the research paper, try to avoid subjective opinions, be logical and rational in structuring the paper. The main aim of such work is to explain the topic completely and provide a clear explanation of the analyzed issue. Choosing the topic for the religious research paper can become quite a controversial process due to the variety of themes and to student’s sphere of interest. Topics Ideas for Religious Studies Research Paper 1. Impact of Greek Myths on the Formation of European Religion This topic should include an accurate analysis of several Greek myths that made the most significant impact on the formation of religion and culture in Greece. Among the myths to explore can be Heracles and the Heracleidae myth, the story about Argonauts, myths about the mountain Olympus, and myth about Prometheus. The second part of the research paper should be concentrated on the modern attitude of people in Europe to myths and its impact on the development of religion and culture in the region. 2. Interconnection Between Science and World Religions Interdependence between the scientific and religious world was also an issue of interest due to its controversy. If you choose this topic for the research paper, pay attention to the historical development of interrelation between these two spheres of human life. Analyze also the attitude of a church to science and all notorious periods of conflicts between representatives of both spheres. 3. The Phenomenon of the Theocratic States in the Modern World There are seven theocratic countries including Afghanistan, Iran, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Vatican City, and Yemen among all countries of the world. These countries have a special political and social order that is caused by the determining role of religion. The research paper can analyze the development of such states, the efficiency of their authorities, their place in the international community, and the religion that is followed by its citizens. 4. The Development of Christianity This topic is connected with the formation and establishment of Christianity as a world religion. The issue is important and interesting to explore due to the role of Christianity in the modern world. The research paper should include information about the establishment of the religion, analysis of its main concepts and images, history of the religion and periods of its strength and weakness. Besides, it is possible to compare Christianity with other world religions to find similarities and differences. 5. The Development of Islam Islam is one of the largest world religion that has numerous followers. This religion is interesting to explore due to its special ideas that differ from all other religions. Besides, in the modernity, Islam is considered quite controversial due to the establishment of communities with fundamental Islamic views. The research paper should include all these aspects starting from the history of its creation and the development of the religion in general. 6. The Development of Buddhism This topic is interesting because Buddhism is one of the world’s religions that has numerous followers. Buddhism is a unique worldview that is based on the nature of human and balance of the human spirit. In the course of the essay, it is important to pay attention to the history of the religious development, its establishment, main images of the religion, and core concepts of Buddhism. Besides, it is interesting to analyze the attitude of Buddhists to nature, human, sins, and the sense of people’s lives. 7. The Role of Women in Islam The topic related to women and Islam is studied by various experts because it is quite controversial and special. The problem can be explored from historical and ideological points of view. It is important to take into account the diversity of approaches to the positions of women in Islam. The student can also compare traditional and fundamentalist approaches to the treatment of women and how these ideas are interconnected. 8. Religion in People’s Daily Life Modern people differently accept religion in their daily life and live in accordance with a defined set of ideas and beliefs. This topic is interesting to explore because modern society is divided into communities that follow particular religions and communities that do not follow religious worldviews. Besides, acceptance of religions often depends on the location, where people live, and it is interesting to establish interconnections between the territory and the specifications of certain religions. 9. Modern Interdependence Between Religions and Laws The research on this topic should explain how religions influenced the formation of laws in different countries of the world. It is important to consider various religions including Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. Additional attention should be paid to the influence of Islam on the creation of national legislation system in countries of the Middle East. Research on this topic will introduce various legislation systems and their interconnections with religions. 10. Systems of Animalism and Totemism Animalism and totemism originally come from ancient times. This topic is important and thought-provoking because it represents the attitude of people to nature and various objects. The religious research on the stated topic will represent animalism and totemism as religious systems. Main concepts and ideas people were taking into account following such world views should be appropriately considered. Additionally, the research can also include an explanation of how animalism and totemism influenced modern religions. 11. The Idea of Soul in Various Religions The soul is one of the central concepts in different religions. However, it is perceived differently by various worldviews including not only the biggest religions but also Judaism and Confucianism. The research paper should comprise an explanation of the concept by different religions and comparison of these ideas. Additionally, it is possible to consider how the concept of the soul defines human lifestyles in different countries of the world. 12. Influence of Hinduism on the Formation of Culture in India As separate concepts, religion and culture are closely interconnected. In fact, religion influences the formation of the country’s culture, and India is an example of such a state. In fact, the culture of this country is a system of unique traditions, customs, ideas, and beliefs. The culture of India is quite special because the country has one of the biggest populations in the world. The research about Hinduism should be connected with the history of Indian culture and of the religion with the definition of religion’s influence on the culture. 13. The Position of Atheism in the Modern World Among modern communities, atheism is a popular phenomenon due to a set of various factors. Specifically, atheism is connected with disbelieving in the existence of God or gods. This topic is interesting to explore because of the popularity of such belief. It is interesting to compare atheism with religion to understand how atheists perceive all natural concepts and processes. The research paper can include a definition of the issue, an explanation of all its concepts, and an exploration of the future development of the situation with atheism. 14. The Development of Confucianism There is a perception that Confucianism is a system of social and ethical norms rather than a complete religion. Confucianism is specific due to its understanding of nature and a human as a part of nature. Confucianism is followed by less amount of people, and it is interesting to compare it with other religions. 15. Religion and Evolution These two concepts are quite controversial because of historical conflicts between followers of different views of evolution. This research topic should include information about the interconnection between these two issues, main conflicts, and followers of various approaches to the process of evolution. 16. Religious Education The aspect of religious education is interesting to explore because of its controversial character in connection with religious freedom. The research paper should explain the idea of religious education and describe the situation with such education in different countries. 17. Religion at a Workplace This topic is connected mainly with aspects of discrimination at a workplace regarding the religion of the employee. The religious research should be based on cases of discrimination and an explanation of normal attitude to religion at a workplace. 18. Creationism Exploration of this topic should be based on literature such as â€Å"Creationism and Its Critics in Antiquity† by David Sedley. The research paper should include an explanation of the topic and attitude to the idea in the course of history. 19. Fear in Religions The majority of religions talk about the fear and attitude toward God or gods. Such aspects as an interpretation of fear by various religions and challenges connected with the understanding of fear by religion followers can become a part of the religion research paper. 20. African American Religions The topic is interesting to explore because it allows defining specific features of the religious life of African Americans. The research paper can include statistical data about African American religions and represent the roots of such organization of their lives. Conclusion Various religion research essay topics are connected with specific aspects of particular religions. Writing a religion research essay, it is important to pay attention to history, main concepts, believes, and followers of the religion. Feel free to either extend or narrow the topics in accordance with your interests or the task of a professor.

Child labor in pakistan Essays

Child labor in pakistan Essays Child labor in pakistan Essay Child labor in pakistan Essay Child labour refers to the employment of kids at regular and sustained labour. It is the full-time employment of kids under a minimal legal age. The pattern of child labour is considered illegal by many states and exploitatory by many international organisations. ( Child Labor at Distrcit Level, 2009 ) Child labour is one of the jobs that occur as a consequence of the responses to the economic jobs faced by vulnerable kids. In most developed and emerging states, usage of kids as labours is considered as misdemeanor of human rights and is outlawed, while some poorer and developing states do digest and let kid labour. In Pakistan, a state where about half of the population lives below the poorness line, kid labour is profoundly entrenched and pressing phenomenon. Child labour in Pakistan is prevailing in all sectors of the economic system, thought it chiefly exists in the informal sector of employment and home-based industry. Pakistan s high population growing of around 1.6 % poses multiple challenges and threatens to restrain limited resources and societal and economic development of the state. Harmonizing to the study of Federal Bureau of Statistics ( FBS ) in 2002, the figure of working kids in Pakistan was about 3.5 million or 7 % of the entire work force in Pakistan. However, the kids under the age of 10 and those working in little and household concerns that are non registered with the authorities were non the portion of the study. So the existent figure is deemed to be much higher than the official figures. In Pakistan, kids aged 5-14 are around 40 million. The study conducted by UNISEF in 2003, estimated that 8 million kids under the age of 14 are engaged as labours. Most of them are engaged as labours in brick kiln mills, rug weaving centres, agribusiness, little industries and domestic services. The study besides indicated that rural and urban ratio of kid labours was 7:1. The state with most figure of instances of child labour was Punjab with about 60 % of the entire kid labour population. HISTORY AND IMPACT OF CHILD LABOR IN PAKISTAN Child labour has been prevalent in Pakistan in all the sectors of the economic system, though it largely exists in informal sector of employment and in the place based industry. In late 1890ss, the affair of kid labour emerged as a serious consideration due to international exposure. In 1996, Pakistan s Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto acknowledged the job of kid labour in the state and announced the program to extinguish it. In his address in April 1998, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif stated that the job of kid labour occupied a outstanding topographic point in the docket of authorities of Pakistan. In 1999, Federal curate for labour and work force, Shaikh Rashid announced a four point policy for controling child labour in Pakistan. In Jan-99, authorities announced the bill of exchange of the labour policy. The policy envisaged that the authorities is committed to stop kid labour. It was besides promised by the authorities of Pakistan in 2000, that the jurisprudence to extinguish child la bour and bonded labour at an economic degree would be implemented in 2002 and till 2005 ; there would be no bonded labour or child labour in Pakistan. Even after so much ordinances and promises by the authorities of Pakistan, the effort has non been successful till now. Though the issue has received international attending and assorted organisations at international degree like ILO and UNICEF are take parting in the issue, still the betterment in this instance is really slow. In eliminating and making consciousness against child labour in Pakistan many communities are holding a interest. Some of these communities/autonomous organic structures working for the cause are: Government of Pakistan Children Parliament Pakistan International Labor Organization United nations childrens fund Other NGO s, Society and Media All the above authorities and private organic structures are actively working for the obliteration of child labour in Pakistan. The issue has been earnestly addressed by the above organic structures either separately or in concurrence with any other organic structure. The function of each of the above mentioned organic structure in the obliteration of child labour in Pakistan is as follows: GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN: Government of Pakistan has been actively working for the obliteration of child labour in Pakistan. Activities of authorities towards the issue have been deriving considerable attending since late 1990 s, when the affair of kid labour emerged as a serious consideration due to international exposure. In Jan-99, authorities announced the bill of exchange of the labour policy. The policy envisaged that the authorities is committed to stop kid labour. It was besides promised by the authorities of Pakistan in 2000, that the jurisprudence to extinguish child labour and bonded labour at an economic degree would be implemented in 2002 and till 2005 ; there would be no bonded labour or child labour in Pakistan. Though the authorities has non been able to present on the promises made due to the increased political failings in the company, still there have been uninterrupted attempts made on their portion. Government besides identified poorness and deficiency of instructi on for kids as root causes for the kid labour in the state. ( Arshad ) The present authorities in Pakistan has made simple instruction compulsory for kids. Along with that, the authorities has besides made the policy of administering free books in primary schools. This would assist the parents, who can non afford their kid s instruction and school disbursals can direct their kids to schools. Along with all of the above, the undermentioned Torahs are made by authorities of Pakistan to turn to the issue ( Pakistan ) : National Child Labor Laws: In Pakistan a kid is defined as a individual younger so fifteen. The legal minimal age for employment of kids is 14 for normal concerns and 15 for railroads and mines. The fundamental law of Islamic democracy of Pakistan prohibits forced labour, bondage, and employment of kids below the age of 14. The authorities of Pakistan asserts that the labour inspectors are empowered to transport out regular visits to all employment topographic points covered under employment of kids act 1991 to look into the conformity of the jurisprudence at that topographic points. Education Laws: Articles 37 ( B ) A ; ( degree Celsius ) of the fundamental law of Pakistan declares public policy to take illiteracy and supply free and mandatory secondary instruction within the minimal possible periodA [ and to ] A do proficient and professional instruction by and large available and higher instruction every bit accessible to all on the footing of virtue . Despite a jurisprudence in 1962 necessitating each state to denominate countries where primary instruction is mandatory, none of the states have complied. As of now, the present authorities in Pakistan has made simple instruction compulsory for kids. Along with that, the authorities has besides made the policy of administering free books in primary schools. International Conventions: Pakistan is a party to ILO convention refering minimal age of employment in the industry and UN convention for rights of the kid. Through above legislative assemblies and Torahs, and to some other timely ordinances, the authorities of Pakistan is moving as an active community stakeholder in obliteration of child labour in the state. Though in present scenario Pakistan is enduring through political failings, but still authorities is committed to take the work one measure in front. CHILDREN PARLIAMENT OF PAKISTAN: The kids s parliament for Pakistan was launched on 14-Nov-08, by Society for the Protection of the Rights of Child ( SPARC ) . The chief purpose of this parliament is to make consciousness and advance kid rights in the state. The members were elected from different schools of Peshawar, Islamabad, Faisalabad, Karachi, Lahore etc. Besides supplying basic rights to every kid in Pakistan other aims of this parliament are: End kid labour Educate every kid Provide medical installations to kids Protect the kids In add-on, kids parliament serves as their voice to convey the troubles and jobs faced by the kids to authorities of Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL LABOR ORGANIZATION: With the affair of child labour in Pakistan deriving international attending, ILO has fastened its stairss to turn to the issues. ILO does seasonably appraise within assorted industries in Pakistan surmising big sum of child labour. ( International Programme for riddance of child labour ) Based on the study they come out with study studies turn toing the issue and urging ways to cover with the state of affairss. Some of the latest studies conducted by ILO in Pakistan are: Survey on Child Labor in Kasur Tanneries in 2004 Survey on Child Labor in Glass Bangles industry in Hyderabad-2004 Survey on kid labour in surgical instruments fabricating industry in Sialkot Survey on kid labour in coal mine industries in Chakwal, Noshera and Shangla ILO has besides been working with the authorities of Pakistan steering them from clip to clip on this issue. It is besides moving as a ticker Canis familiaris, inspecting the ways in which authorities is turn toing the issue. United nations childrens fund: The name UNICEF needs no debut. United Nation International Children s Emergency Fund, a UN organisation has systematically working towards the development of kids in developing states. UNICEF conducts seasonably studies to see the betterment in the instance. The study conducted by UNISEF in 2003, estimated that 8 million kids under the age of 14 are engaged as labours. Most of them are engaged as labours in brick kiln mills, rug weaving centres, agribusiness, little industries and domestic services. The study besides indicated that rural and urban ratio of kid labours was 7:1. The state with most figure of instances of child labour was Punjab with about 60 % of the entire kid labour population. UNICEF besides set-up centres in the Pakistan, assisting destitute kids get place. Pakistan is besides amongst the states that get funding from UNICEF to advance the stairss in obliteration of child labour. OTHER NGO S SOCIETY AND MEDIA: This is another group of really of import stakeholders in the issue of child labour in Pakistan. NGO s like ACM Apostolic Charismatic Ministry and Child Reach International has continuously worked towards the development of kids in Pakistan to eliminate child labour. Though the NGO s in Pakistan do nt acquire proper support from authorities of Pakistan neither from any corporate organic structures, still the work they do in crating consciousness and supplying simple instruction to kids is rather appreciable. Society and media as a whole has a major function to play in the obliteration of child labour in Pakistan. These two stakeholders are still hibernating in the issue, but for the development of kids in Pakistan society and media have to play a major portion. Poverty degrees in Pakistan appear to ask that kids work in order to let the households to make their mark take-home wage. The deficiency of economic chance for big employment in Pakistan demands to be studied and taken under consideration ; the authorities besides needs rigorous to inspect the rigorous execution of Torahs made by it. Lack of instruction is another ground for the high rate of kid labour in Pakistan. Thought authorities of Pakistan has made policies for supplying free simple instruction to kids, the policies need rigorous execution to turn to the issue. Besides, other stakeholders of the issue specially Children parliament, ILO, UNICEF, Media and NGO s have to work in tandem to make consciousness for the rights of the kids in the state. Mentions ( n.d. ) . Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from World Wide Web. unicef. org: World Wide Web. unicef. org/ protection/ index_3717. hypertext markup language Ahmad, M. ( 2001 ) . Child Labor: A clip to reflect. In M. Ahmad, Child Labor: A clip to reflect. UNICEF. Arshad, R. ( n.d. ) . Child labour in Pakistan. Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hamariweb.com: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hamariweb.com/articles/article.aspx? id=91 Child Labor at Distrcit Level. ( 2009, Sep ) . Retrieved August 1, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de: hypertext transfer protocol: //mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/17333/1/MPRA_paper_17333.pdf H.Zaidi, H. ( 2004, Jan ) . Baseline study study on child labour. Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ilo.org: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/viewProduct.do? productId=5225 International Programme for riddance of child labour. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ilo.org: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/searchProduct.do ; ? type=normal A ; title= A ; selectedMonthFrom=-1 A ; productYearFrom= A ; selectedMonthTo=-1 A ; selectedCountries=342 A ; selectedMediaTypes=14 A ; keywords= A ; userType=3 amp ; selectedFieldOfficeId=-1 A ; resultPerPage=20 A ; selectedSortById=4 Pakistan. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dol.gov: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dol.gov/ilab/media/reports/iclp/sweat/pakistan.htm Population nose count organisation. ( n.d. ) . Retrieved Aug 1, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statpak.gov.pk: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_sex_ratio_growth_rate/pop_sex_ratio_growth_rate.html COMMUNITY PROGRAM TO ADDRESS CHILD LABOR IN PAKISTAN Abstraction Child labour refers to the employment of kids at regular and sustained labour. It is the full-time employment of kids under a minimal legal age. The pattern of child labour is considered illegal by many states and exploitatory by many international organisations. ( Child Labor at Distrcit Level, 2009 ) Child labour is one of the jobs that occur as a consequence of the responses to the economic jobs faced by vulnerable kids. In most developed and emerging states, usage of kids as labours is considered as misdemeanor of human rights and is outlawed, while some poorer and developing states do digest and let kid labour. In Pakistan, a state where about half of the population lives below the poorness line, kid labour is profoundly entrenched and pressing phenomenon. Child labour in Pakistan is prevailing in all sectors of the economic system, thought it chiefly exists in the informal sector of employment and home-based industry. Pakistan s high population growing of around 1.6 % poses multiple challenges and threatens to restrain limited resources and societal and economic development of the state. The paper designs a community plan to turn to the issue of child labour in Pakistan. It identifies assorted stakeholders in the issue and based on certain schemes and plans, intends to convey an effectual societal alteration. The paper besides addresses possible challenges in the manner of eliminating the kid labour in Pakistan and ways for turn toing the issue. GOAL OF THE STUDY: The primary end of the survey is placing the tendencies in the issue if child labour in Pakistan. Based on the issue, paper intends to place assorted stakeholders of the issue. The purpose of analyzing this is to a community plan to turn to the issue of child labour in Pakistan. It identifies assorted stakeholders in the issue and based on certain schemes and plans, intends to convey an effectual societal alteration. The paper besides addresses possible challenges in the manner of eliminating the kid labour in Pakistan and ways for turn toing the issue. The ends had been made maintaining in head the resources available in Pakistan to convey a societal alteration. Political failing in the economic system of Pakistan has besides been kept in head. The success of this community plan depends upon the working in concurrence of the stakeholders of the issue. Scheme TO BE ADOPTED In order to eliminate child labour in Pakistan both preventative and disciplinary schemes are proposed. Successful intercession theoretical accounts are besides founded so that the alteration in cognition would be easier to convey approximately, attitude alteration requires comparatively longer clip frame and eventually the alteration in entire head set and behavioural alteration requires the longest clip. Interventions are to be phased out in the clip edge mode and alteration schemes are age specific and gender equitable. GENERAL AND POSITIVE ACTION STRATEGIES: The following general and positive action schemes are requires to be taken to turn to the issue of child labour in Pakistan: Change in attitude of stakeholders: Awareness runs, reding Sessionss and protagonism workshops need to be geared towards parents for deriving their assurance and for raising their consciousness about the ill-effects of child labour refering their kids. The runs and reding would foreground the options of kid labour, including non-formal and formal instruction and apprenticeship. Parents would be educated about the benefits of schooling in footings of income and increased efficiency and guiding that child labour in many instances is ineffectual with a really meagre income associated with it. Similar services for deriving employers assurance would be arranged for constructing support for battle in extinguishing child labour. Carefully designed educational and enlightening conferences and/or seminars would be arranged to reconstruct the ego regard and self-respect of labour. Labor Department working with industry should work with missional ardor in order to carry through an eventual riddance of labour in a sensible clip frame. Poverty Relief: Numerous stairss would be aimed at household s alternate income coevals and poorness. Poverty relief would be addressed really earnestly at different degrees with the engagement of international organisations, assorted non-government bureaus and Provincial, federal and territory authoritiess. The job of kid labour in Pakistan can be managed efficaciously merely if the job of poorness is worked out efficaciously, through income coevals undertakings for society and parents and through just and just entree to safety cyberspaces such as zakat financess and other benevolent plans. Poverty relief attempts of provincial and province authoritiess PRSP ( Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper ) would co-occur good with time-bound plan enterprises targeted at phasing out child labour from the state. ( Beig, 2004 ) The study carried out by ILO in 2004 in coal mine industries in Chakwal, Noshera and Shangla revealed following figures: Chakwal: Class Sample Plan Actual Interview conducted Working Children 450 126 Parents 12 16 Employers 60 27 Entire 522 169 Chirat/ Noshera: Class Sample Plan Actual Interview conducted Working Children 400 48 Parents 5 4 Employers 10 13 Entire 415 65 Drop-out Survey: Class Sample Plan Actual Interview conducted School-going 150 250 Drop-outs 15 27 Parents 27 22 Teachers 40 38 Entire 212 337 Formal Schooling, Non-Formal Schooling and Vocational Training: ( Kulsoom, 2009 ) Poverty being major ground for bulk drop-outs, proviso of fee and subsidised instruction would be recommended at formal schools. Formal school instructors need to be trained to follow kid friendly instruction methodological analysiss and attitude in order to cut down hazard of drop-outs. Apart from the traditional plan of survey, developing at non-formal educational schools should include vocational preparation A ; wellness and safety instruction. NFE schools would be a truly indispensable step because to halt the supply of labour at beginning, alternate beginnings of productive battle demands to be available with kids. Quality of instruction will besides be enhanced and it needs to be attractive and relevant to assist cut down the drop-out inclination in schools. Issues refering child labour, including information about the risky nature of kid labour and gender prejudices needs to be incorporated into the educational course of study of non-formal and formal schools for both male and female pupils. Occupational wellness jeopardies and safety steps: Till the kid labour is eliminated wholly, the civilization of occupational safety would be promoted in all industries by raising consciousness through protagonism seminars. These awareness-related protagonism seminars should be arranged at the worksites and at community degree, would besides be used for educating kids about the sick effects of child labour and raising consciousness about the value of instruction and its other positive options. The Occupational Health and Safety ( OHS ) survey undertaken by ILO in 2004 besides yielded elaborate penetrations on the same issue. In add-on to seminars, group meetings and workshops would besides be arranged on a sustainable footing for advancing norms and following preventative wellness steps. Improved Legislative Measures: Stairss would be taken for enforcement of bing labour Torahs. Till the kid labour is wholly eliminated, increased protection to child workers would be provided upon the consent of the authorities against the misdemeanor of their rights and against insecure industrial patterns including child labour. High powered enigma clients would be requested to supervise attachment in safety criterions along with labour sections and ILO proctors. PARTNERSHIPS AND CAPACITY Building: ILO would be requested to construct strategic confederations with Non Governmental Organization in Pakistan. ILO besides need to see confederations with audience bureaus working on child labour issues to utilize them as catalyst-facilitators, proctors and trainers in working towards the common end of eliminating child labour and cut downing its ill-effects. To rectify the job of kid labour, cross bureau partnerships in Pakistan would be prompted till the operations are self sustained and to the full streamlined. These partnerships would be supported by ILO and jointly partnered with authorities bureaus in Pakistan and with relevant international bureaus such as UNICEF, UN section for Assistance Framework ( UNDAF ) and other stakeholders like NGOs, Media etc. cost effectual advanced transmutations would be geared towards effectual edifice of District degree labour sections, Provincial planning, territory authoritiess and NGO s. The purpose of prepar ation would be to instill larning about a proactive work civilization along with a missional ardor in turn toing the issue of child labour in Pakistan. MEDIA Support: Assorted media like T.V, Press, and Internet media would be involved in the broad-based consciousness sing the child labour issues, including vocational and formal instruction. Effective information, instruction and communicating stuffs would be created and would be disseminated to press and other media in order to win their support and create consciousness. Electronic media would be used subsequently as an effectual spouse in the battle against the kid labour in Pakistan. Schemes will besides be made to derive the assurance of electronic media through workshops, conferences and meetings. All the above schemes used for community battle are based on the undermentioned theoretical account. Different Stakeholders that are involved in this plan of community battle are: Government of Pakistan International Labor Organization ( ILO ) United Nation International Children Emergency Fund ( UNICEF ) Society, particularly parents of the kids UN Department for Assistance Framework ( UNDAF ) Non Government Organizations ( NGOs ) Schools and their staffs, particularly instructors Employers Labor Union Media in all signifiers Children Themselves POTENTIAL CHALLENGES AND THE ROAD AHEAD Potential challenges in the manner of doing community battle for eliminating child labour in Pakistan are: Weak Political and Economic Scenario in Pakistan: Pakistan is traveling through a period of weak political and economic scenario. So that will be the major possible challenge in doing the community battle because in an unstable economic system implementing legislative assemblies is a really hard undertaking. Besides, doing agreements for financess in a weak political scenario becomes hard because in this instance authorities may non be ready to fund the plan. For get the better ofing this challenge, fund demands to be raised from major corporate. They should be encouraged to fund the plan every bit much as possible as the portion of their corporate societal duty. For implementing the legislative assemblies, proper confederation demands to be made between Government organic structures and foreign organic structures like ILO and UNICEF who are already working for the cause. These organic structures will assist monitoring Torahs and legislative assemblies formed. Poverty: Poverty is another major challenge in the effectivity of community battle in Pakistan. Most households send their kids to work to make their mark take-away place wage. So doing them understand about non sing the wage of their kids as the major factor would be truly hard. To get the better of this challenge, workshops would be held and proper guidance would be provided to parents about the harmful effects of child labour and benefits of simple instruction for the hereafter of their kids. Attitudes of Employers, Parents and Children: This is another challenge in the effectivity of the community plan. In assorted industries kids are considered as inexpensive labours. So altering the attitude of the employers about using kids by sing them as inexpensive labour would be hard to alter. Every concern needs to be inspected at intervals along with guidance and advocacy meetings with employers to alter the attitude of the employees. Same would be the job with Parents and kids. This would be addressed by demoing the ill-effects of child labour and benefits of instruction. Though poorness degrees in Pakistan appear to be a necessitate ground that kids work in order to let the households to make their mark take-home wage, effectual community battle can assist raise consciousness against the issue. The deficiency of economic chance for big employment in Pakistan demands to be studied and taken under consideration ; the authorities besides needs rigorous to inspect the rigorous execution of Torahs made by it. Lack of instruction is another ground for the high rate of kid labour in Pakistan. Thought authorities of Pakistan has made policies for supplying free simple instruction to kids, the policies need rigorous execution to turn to the issue. Besides, other stakeholders of the issue specially Children parliament, ILO, UNICEF, Media and NGO s have to work in tandem to make consciousness for the rights of the kids in the state.

Alcan Case Four Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Alcan Case Four - Essay Example Emergence conditions may arise any time in any organization and measures should be put in place in order to provide the employee with the best care in case of such an appraisal. The development and implementation of an emergence plan would ensure that such situations are handled well. Injuries are the inherent risks in emergence situations, and the only way to respond appropriately to emergent situation is been always prepared. Being adequately prepared requires that there is an emergence plan; proper training of personnel, making sure medical equipment is well maintained, proper and adequate means of communication, proper utilization of medical equipment, and continued education for all personnel in emergency medicine (Belmer, 2006)..This paper discuses the Alcan organization with a major focus on Organization Disaster Recovery Plan, Political Forces Influencing IT Improvements within the organization and the Change in Management Plan. Alcan Disaster Recovery Plan In cases where the re arises an earthquake, there is the need for an Emergency Plan Rehearsal. Emergence or the disaster can be defined as a crisis situation that causes wide spread damages that far exceeds our abilities to recover. The possibility of occurrence of an Emergence or disaster, place, time, and its severity of striking might be reasonably and in certain cases be accurately predicted by scientific and technological advances (Belmer, 2006). There is always a definite pattern of occurrence of emergence and thus to some extent the impact of damage can be reduced though the extent of damage itself cannot be reduced. Earthquakes are among the natural types of emergences that cause physical injury and fractures. Disaster or Emergence management refers to the action that is taken by an organization as a response to an unexpected event that is adversely affecting either resources or people, as well as threatening the normal operations of the organization. In this case, Disaster Management involves the development of the disaster recovery plan and the implementation of such a plan (Belmer, 2006). The development of the disaster recovery plan is meant to minimize the risks of the disasters and helps in handling them whenever they occur. Related techniques for disaster management include contingency management, risk management and crisis management. Emergency management, on the other hand, is a discipline that deals with avoiding risks and it entails preparing for emergence before its occurrence, emergence response such a quarantine, emergence evacuation, and mass decontamination, as well as rebuilding and supporting the societies after the occurrence of either man-made or natural disasters (Belmer, 2006). There are a number of advantages of developing an Emergency Plan Rehearsal. First, while coming up with an Emergency Plan Rehearsal, one would need to develop a disaster recovery continuity plan. The disaster recovery continuity plan will be a helpful tool in identifying area s of concern. One would have to engage with a community to help him, or her in arranging the brainstorming events, prepare checklists, interviews, questionnaires, workshops, access expert facilitators, review assumption lists, and use data from other projects. Dong this, would help assess each event on a probability scale (Belmer, 2006). Secondly,

Inside Job by Charles Ferguson Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Inside Job by Charles Ferguson - Movie Review Example Another power montage is put together towards the middle of the film as images of the Hamptons are placed on the screen. The film makes great use of visual imagery and music to create a sense of on screen irony that cleverly demonstrates the devious absurdity of the situation and financial crisis. As the film progresses, it explores a number of experimental visual and narrative techniques. One such narrative technique is the split screen format. This allow the filmmakers to implement an almost cubist like the articulation of a protest rally, giving the viewer a more complex picture of the actual occurrence. There is a continued understanding that the verbal narrative can only be fully grasped through adequate visual components. For instance, after Matt Damon discusses the drastic unemployment rate, the film cuts to empty buildings with a slower and more somber editing pace. While the buildings may not even be located in the region that is being talked about, they have a sophisticated and visually appealing architecture that adds to the film’s overall narrative appeal. The film’s actual narrative is told in a highly engaging and effect way. The filmmakers implement the narrative star power of Matt Damon to relay the story in-between interviews with witnesses and field experts. Indeed, it’s been noted that â€Å"This film is as gripping as any thriller. Aided by some fascinating interviews, Ferguson lays out an awful story†.The film also indicates that the same individuals that started the crisis are still in power.

Curriculum Review Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Curriculum Review Project - Assignment Example The curriculum map acts as a tool for enhancement of communication within the parents and communities in connection to the curriculum and everything that is covered by the teacher. This possible as the curriculum map provides forums where parents and teachers can meet and discuss the teaching progress. Education experts have acknowledged that this process is yielding better results since parents and the community feel they are part of the teaching strategy. When a teacher is choosing a lesson topic, he can utilize the curriculum map by gathering data on what the topic entails. The teacher then critically analyzes the information and then combines the group review after which the he decides on the areas that can be revised immediately (Hale, 2008). The changes and extensions in the curriculum map offers students with the appropriate channels for getting the contents. This helps in development of the teaching materials for equipping the students with the necessary skills. Diverse learning methods and abilities may also contribute to how learners demonstrate they have mastery of ideas. The curriculum map will incorporate diverse activities for different levels and learning methods. The goal to differentia technique is getting to identify how students can present their learning to meet the essential specific needs (Kallick, 2009). The critical role of the curriculum mapping is to design a curriculum that will that will consider the choices of young people on their learning so that they prepare for unknown future (Lyle, 2006). Curriculum mapping should identify gaps, misalignments and redundancies in the curriculum and instructional program. The aim for this is to support the work of the teachers and assist the learners. Curriculum planning has also helped in reducing bulk and crowding in the curriculum. The process of curriculum planning entails the recording of curriculum data that points out the centre skills and the content taught

The differences in competencies between nurses prepared at the Essay

The differences in competencies between nurses prepared at the associate degree level versus the baccalaureate degree level in n - Essay Example Mildred Montag, who published The Education of Nursing Technicians in 1951, proposed that there is a need for a â€Å"nurse technician, whose role would be broader than that of a practical nurse but narrower than that of the professional nurse,† (as cited in Zerwekh & Claborn, 2006, p. 144) and his or her duties includes providing supervised care, assisting in plan of care, and assisting evaluation of patient outcomes in the care received. On the other hand, baccalaureate degree nursing programs usually take four years to accomplish, and students receive a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) upon completing the course. The first two years involve minor subjects in arts and sciences while the remaining years inculcate nursing knowledge, which focuses on critical-thinking enhancement, independent nursing judgment abilities, and research conduction.

Curriculum Review Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Curriculum Review Project - Assignment Example The curriculum map acts as a tool for enhancement of communication within the parents and communities in connection to the curriculum and everything that is covered by the teacher. This possible as the curriculum map provides forums where parents and teachers can meet and discuss the teaching progress. Education experts have acknowledged that this process is yielding better results since parents and the community feel they are part of the teaching strategy. When a teacher is choosing a lesson topic, he can utilize the curriculum map by gathering data on what the topic entails. The teacher then critically analyzes the information and then combines the group review after which the he decides on the areas that can be revised immediately (Hale, 2008). The changes and extensions in the curriculum map offers students with the appropriate channels for getting the contents. This helps in development of the teaching materials for equipping the students with the necessary skills. Diverse learning methods and abilities may also contribute to how learners demonstrate they have mastery of ideas. The curriculum map will incorporate diverse activities for different levels and learning methods. The goal to differentia technique is getting to identify how students can present their learning to meet the essential specific needs (Kallick, 2009). The critical role of the curriculum mapping is to design a curriculum that will that will consider the choices of young people on their learning so that they prepare for unknown future (Lyle, 2006). Curriculum mapping should identify gaps, misalignments and redundancies in the curriculum and instructional program. The aim for this is to support the work of the teachers and assist the learners. Curriculum planning has also helped in reducing bulk and crowding in the curriculum. The process of curriculum planning entails the recording of curriculum data that points out the centre skills and the content taught

Microsoft High School Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Microsoft High School - Case Study Example One of the critical challenges that faced the company in the 80s was developing a career track for those who were individual contributors at best and those who were managers or had potential to be managers. This arose due to the fact the company being an IT company, technical people were mostly hired who may or may not be managers. The solution was to allow people to remain technical experts and get the same opportunity to advance in terms of compensation, promotion and recognition as those in the management track. Ladder levels for determining vertical movement were based on an individual's job nature, together with his experience, skill and performance. In addition, growth was also made possible with horizontal transfers from one job to another. New hires were also encouraged to learn from mentoring from those who were company seniors. IT industry's explosive growth, thousands of ... When the company reached its 20,000th employee mark, Bill Gates viewed this as an important challenge facing the company where the values at its inception responsible for its success were at stake. As a response, the HR group started measuring employee attitudes. A finding in the late 1990s was that even if attrition rates or voluntary resignations were half those of industry levels, at the higher positions, resignations were closer to industry rates. With "Organizational Health Index" (OHI), a part of the annual employee survey, the focus was turned on the work environment as a tool for retention and on a more fundamental level, "keeping the entrepreneurial spirit alive" that made Microsoft what it was. Ballmer's two priorities was to accomplish this was first to change Microsoft's vision from "a computer on every desk and in every home running on Microsoft software" to "to empower people to do anything they want, any place they want, and on any device". The second strategy was to e mpower leaders within the company to clear obstacles, make decisions quickly and clearly define goals. Another challenge was how to identify managers and leaders who are capable of developing people. In order to meet this challenge, Microsoft embarked on a series of programs to identify potential leaders and it became the priority of Steve Ballmer, Microsoft president to develop leaders within the company. As a result of these programs, it was found out that the sources of leadership development were primarily from the jobs currently held at 70%, from mentoring at 20% and from training at 10%. With its maturity as a large-scale organization, a top concern emerged in the 1990s to

The differences in competencies between nurses prepared at the Essay

The differences in competencies between nurses prepared at the associate degree level versus the baccalaureate degree level in n - Essay Example Mildred Montag, who published The Education of Nursing Technicians in 1951, proposed that there is a need for a â€Å"nurse technician, whose role would be broader than that of a practical nurse but narrower than that of the professional nurse,† (as cited in Zerwekh & Claborn, 2006, p. 144) and his or her duties includes providing supervised care, assisting in plan of care, and assisting evaluation of patient outcomes in the care received. On the other hand, baccalaureate degree nursing programs usually take four years to accomplish, and students receive a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) upon completing the course. The first two years involve minor subjects in arts and sciences while the remaining years inculcate nursing knowledge, which focuses on critical-thinking enhancement, independent nursing judgment abilities, and research conduction.

Microsoft High School Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Microsoft High School - Case Study Example One of the critical challenges that faced the company in the 80s was developing a career track for those who were individual contributors at best and those who were managers or had potential to be managers. This arose due to the fact the company being an IT company, technical people were mostly hired who may or may not be managers. The solution was to allow people to remain technical experts and get the same opportunity to advance in terms of compensation, promotion and recognition as those in the management track. Ladder levels for determining vertical movement were based on an individual's job nature, together with his experience, skill and performance. In addition, growth was also made possible with horizontal transfers from one job to another. New hires were also encouraged to learn from mentoring from those who were company seniors. IT industry's explosive growth, thousands of ... When the company reached its 20,000th employee mark, Bill Gates viewed this as an important challenge facing the company where the values at its inception responsible for its success were at stake. As a response, the HR group started measuring employee attitudes. A finding in the late 1990s was that even if attrition rates or voluntary resignations were half those of industry levels, at the higher positions, resignations were closer to industry rates. With "Organizational Health Index" (OHI), a part of the annual employee survey, the focus was turned on the work environment as a tool for retention and on a more fundamental level, "keeping the entrepreneurial spirit alive" that made Microsoft what it was. Ballmer's two priorities was to accomplish this was first to change Microsoft's vision from "a computer on every desk and in every home running on Microsoft software" to "to empower people to do anything they want, any place they want, and on any device". The second strategy was to e mpower leaders within the company to clear obstacles, make decisions quickly and clearly define goals. Another challenge was how to identify managers and leaders who are capable of developing people. In order to meet this challenge, Microsoft embarked on a series of programs to identify potential leaders and it became the priority of Steve Ballmer, Microsoft president to develop leaders within the company. As a result of these programs, it was found out that the sources of leadership development were primarily from the jobs currently held at 70%, from mentoring at 20% and from training at 10%. With its maturity as a large-scale organization, a top concern emerged in the 1990s to

Civil disobedience Essay Example for Free

Civil disobedience Essay In Ralph Waldo Emerson’s essay â€Å"Self Reliance† and Henry David Thoreau’s essay â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† both transcendentalist thinkers speak about being individual and what reforms and changes need to be made in a conformist society. Thoreau elaborates more on the relationship between individuality and society and to break free from conformity. Meaning to take a stance and influence man to make a social change. Emerson leans more towards nature and the connection to spirituality. He exclaims that for individuality there has to be some sort of understanding of oneself to make an impact – which is the basic nature. He believes that man’s connection to nature is the most valuable source of life because nature is what links man to God, â€Å"the divine providence.† Both authors express the need for individuality in order to possess a strong moral and become whole through their transcendentalist ideals. In Emerson’s â€Å"Self-Reliance,† social responsibility is important. The meaning behind this is that there is a time in man’s life when he will finally realize that he has a purpose, a destiny, and the responsibility to achieve goals as long as there is a tap into spiritual nature. Emerson states, â€Å"The strongest man in the world is he who stands alone,† which references the belief of individualism. Emerson notes that famous men and women are often misunderstood simply because of their opinion, ideas, and thoughts; however, this misunderstanding is why they are so respected. One large point in â€Å"Self Reliance† is that humans should not conform to society but to be independent in mind. Emerson stresses that one should connect with nature to maintain peace of mind and individual mentality. In â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† Thoreau meets a man while serving time in prison who has been locked away for burning down a barn. Even so, Thoreau sees his cellmate as an honest man by simply trusting his own intuition. Furthermore, Thoreau writes, â€Å"The government is best which governs least,† in lines 2-3, which is based on the belief that people should not conform to society but stay independent and embrace their own beliefs, goals, values, and morals. Both â€Å"Self Reliance† and â€Å"Civil Disobedience† are relevant in modern society because they discourage conformity, which is a big problem in the world today. Humans tend to lean with the majority, but should be taught to stand their ground. Both essays also mention the government and the problems involved in it. Since they were written, government has not improved; it may have even worsened. Government is best when it governs least- that perspective should still be applied to today’s government. Now, the government tries to constantly control every aspect in everyone’s life, but like Thoreau states, it should allow its people to decide major issues.

History and assessment of massage therapy

History and assessment of massage therapy Massage therapy is the manipulation of the soft tissue on the body by a practitioner through the movement of their hands and arms as well as advanced techniques. Massage has been used to help people relax as well as a way to help treat minor ailments as a complement to other medication or treatment. As A Whirlwind Tour through the entire History of Massage webpage states Massage is a universal instinct. From the day they descended from the trees, humans have known that it helps to rub a sore limb and that to touch is beneficial. So since then we have used and developed the skills and techniques through the years into the massage routines we see and use today. History of Massage; Throughout ancient history many different countries have been using massage and developing their skills as well as passing these down through the years. They have been borrowed, stolen and shared through different times as well as different places geographically around the world, many of the different types of massages resemble each other as techniques have been copied, borrowed and shared. Pre-historic people used to practise some forms of therapeutic touch or massage as there has been evidence to suggest that they used to massage their muscles and rub herbs and oils onto their bodies to help with healing or to protect as this has been found in caveman paintings and drawings showing the giving and receiving of massage. After then the next stage that has been recorded in history to show the major use of massage where the Chinese in around 3000BC in a book called Con Fou of the Tao-Tse. As mentioned in the eBook History of Massage, Therapies Rules in China for years, blind people where the main masseurs. According to A Whirlwind Tour Through the entire history of Massage Chinese writing dates from around 1400BC, near the start of the Shang dynasty, and it from around this time that we can reliably date massage. It was in China that the first exam in massage was sat about fifteen hundred years later as an addition to the occult studies schools. Around the same times as China the Egyptians also used massage and this has been depicted in tomb paintings of individuals being Kneaded by others. The Japaneses received their knowledge from China through the study of Buddhism and soon customised the techniques which became known as anma, which later became Japanese Shiatsu. According to The history of Massag e: Learn How Massage Dates Back over 5,000 Years Ago The primary goal of Shiatsu is to raise the energy level in the patient. In turn, this increased energy level regulates and fortifies the functioning of the organs and stimulates natural resistance to illnesses. The practitioners use a variety of techniques to pressure points on the body to balance the energies and work without needles or other equipment to do so. However, some sources believe India was practicing massage before the Egyptians and the Chinese while others believe they might have acquired it from China a little later so the dates of when India first started to use any forms of massage range from around 3000BC to between 1.800-500BC. Massage in India is referred to in ancient Hindu books such as Ayurveda (Art of Life) which was written around 1800BC. It describes how movements such as shampooing and rubbing were used to relieve tiredness, increase energy levels and improve general health. Francesca Gould in Body Massage for Holistic Therapists (2004). After this stage in history the next step in the time line is around 2000BC when the Greeks and Romans first started to use massage in the early foundations of their civilisations. The ancient Greeks used the knowledge from the Egyptians massage techniques, and it was given to the athletes, women and soldiers as described in History of Massage, Therapies Rules. The Greeks wrote many books on massage including some written by Homer, Aesculapius, Herodotus and Hippocrates who was the Father of Medicine. It was the Greeks who used to rub up the body towards the heart to help the venous and lymph in that direction, they also used this technique to move sickness towards the centre of the body to where is can be expelled with the waste materials. The Romans however used massage as more of an indulgence than as a medical therapy; it was saved for those who could pay for it. The Romans received massage from the Greeks and enjoyed bathing before a full body massage and it was said that even Julius Caesar was pinched every day. The Roman gladiators were vigorously massaged before fights to make sure their muscles where warmed up and supple. Galen was the main figure in Rome for massage but he was actually Greek, according to A Whirlwind Tour through the History of Massage he lived from 130AD to 201AD and he acquired his knowledge of anatomy and physiology through working with the gladiators. Massage then was used as an alternative for exercise to help relive their excessive eating and drinking. Massage was used throughout the different tribes in North America before the Europeans arrived, some tribes would massage/rub down their warriors before and after battle or rub ointments into ailing joints or muscles. Massage has also been seen through a variety of different countries through history including those such as Persia, Kurdistan, Thailand, Tibet, Indonesia and Hawaii. The most recent history of massage can be seen is western civilisation. The earliest record was written by Ambroise Pare (1510-1590) but he was ridiculed for his publication. However by the time Henrik Ling (1776-1839) became the father of modern western massage it had become less of a ridicule. As the History of Massage, Therapies rules tell us Henrik Ling once put. We ought not to consider the organs of the body as the lifeless forms of a mechanical mass, he wrote, but as the living, active instruments of the soul. And through this he finally developed the system known as Swedish massage. Massage has now moved back towards the old holistic attributes instead of the physiological attributes so we are back to seeing massage in the same way as the ancient Chinese, Egyptians and Greeks once saw the therapy. As reported by The Massage Bible, during the first World War injured soldiers were treated with massage, while the Californian bodywork movement in the 1960s combined massage with personal growth. There are many different kinds of massage practiced today all over the world and many of them can be received by almost anyone unless they have a specific reason that it cannot be preformed. There are a few different people who have been in the forefront of massage in modern history and those are Cornelius E. Who is the Father of massage in the USA, David Palmer, the Father of chair massage, Dr Tiffany Fields, the Mother of massage research and Jack Meagher the Father of sports massage. In figure I. In the appendices is a time line of the history of massage along with the cre ation and history of other therapies this has been take from the eBook History of Massage, Therapies Rules. Massage Principles and Holistic Experience: To decide if massage is a holistic therapy first of all we need to know what holistic means and according to thefreedictionary.com Holistic means Concerned with wholes rather than analysis or separation into parts. And with this definition we shall determine whether or not massage is a holistic experience. A massage whether it is a Swedish, Shiatsu or any other form of massage moves across the whole surface of the skin missing only a few vital places which are left for either health and safety reasons or due to the intimacy of the area. Most massages that even just incorporate one certain area such as an Indian head massage or even reflexology they all use different points of that area to correspond with different areas or energies upon the body. With different energies running throughout in specific channels which move around the entire body, when a massage is preformed to the whole body or even just a small portion of the body such as the hands, feet or head all the energies are involved which in turn incorporates the body as a whole. With this in mind a massage can be believed to be Holistic as this matches with the definition of holistic in taking the body as a whole instead of a separation of its individual parts. There is only one reason as to not treat a certain part of the body and that is due to a contra-indication such as pregnancy where you would not touch or massage the abdominal area or is say someone had a fungal infection upon their feet you would not massage their feet and would move onto the next step of the massage itself. These contra-indications could be on a temporary basis or they could be permanent and therefore this client would not be able to receive a treatment. There are some contra-indications such as cancer, epilepsy and a few others which would need a doctors approval before a treatment could be carried out upon the client for insurance reasons. For example for epilepsy if you do not know the trigger for a seizure and you had not received a doctors approval for the treatment and the client unfortunately had a seizure upon your table then the client might decide to sue the practitioner for causing this, this is why doctors approval is sought. Due to the Health and Safety at work act 1974 all employers and employees must maintain a high standard of health and safety in the work place as described in F. Goulds Body Massage for Holistic Therapists. Employers are responsible for the health and safety of anyone who enters their premises. If an employer has more than five employees, the work place must have a health and safety policy, of which all staff must be aware. There are many different procedures in the work place that all employees must adhere to such as the first aid and fire procedures, all employees should know where the first aid kits and fire extinguishers/ exits are located within the building for the safely of themselves and the clients, It is advisable however, that all practitioners are first aid qualified themselves in the event of an emergency. From the clients point of view the practitioner should know these things as well as have a basic understanding of personal hygiene in the sense of washing their hands properly, being of a clean and presentable appearance and be dressed appropriately for the treatment. This is due to the intimate nature of the massage with the close skin to skin contact as strong smelling perfumes or strong body odour can be very unpleasant for the client. A general knowledge of health and safety is beneficial for the example to clean up spillages as and when they happen as to avoid trips, slips and falls of either the client or yourself. A good general idea of protecting your equipment is ideal as oils and creams can become a hazard if left un-cleaned from the treatment table as this could cause a slip or the degrading of your equipment such as the vinyl of the table tops. For insurance purposes the practitioner must ensure that they do not perform a massage while they are unwell or when the client is contagious due to the spread of infection and should always wear gloves if they have any open areas upon their hands. This is for their own protection and that of the client as to not pass anything between them or onto any other client from the previous client. However it is also important to know if the client is well enough to receive the treatment, for this the practitioner must refer to the contraindication lists to see whether or not the client is acceptable to treat. The client should also be aware that at any point the practitioner is legally allowed to refuse treatment for withholding information or for unacceptable behaviour. The practitioner must also get the permission off the client at all times before a treatment if they can touch the client themselves, and they must ensure the client understands this and what is going to happen during the tr eatment for insurance purposes for the protection of both the client and practitioner. Personal safety for the practitioner is also important; these include the correct posture and the compression of the wrists. If either of these are incorrect then the practitioner later in their career could cause themselves more pain due to repetitive strain on the joints and could cause more damage if continued. To help prevent this the right table height should be selected for the practitioner as well as the correct foot wear to help with posture, also the right hand movements should be followed to help prevent the compression of the wrists. The most important piece of safety a practitioner should adhere to is their own safety when working with a client on their own such as a residential call or even in their own rooms at their treatment centre. If doing a residential call then the practitioner should only really perform these on clients that already know, they have a personal phone number for and they should always make sure someone knows where they are at which times and check i n after the appointment with either a family member or work colleague to show they are safe. If they get a new client after a residential call they should always follow the rules of asking for the residential phone number and insist upon phoning the day before the treatment to see if they still wish to receive the treatment. Making the treatment of a client a positive experience is one of the most important parts of making a massage holistic, the practitioner should look after their clients making sure they are comfortable with what is going on whether they are new or long term clients. To be a massage practitioner you should have excellent customer service skills, client care should be the most important thing to remember and should always be used every day with every client, the client should believe that the practitioner cares. The practitioner should always consult with the client and devise a treatment plan to suite the clients and stick to this plan unless anything changes in the circumstances with the client as well as receiving permission from the client for the practitioner to touch them during the treatment. During the treatment the discussion should be at a comfortable level for the client but also low enough for the client to relax and enjoy the treatment. After care should always be adhered to and offered to the client with a small encouragement of lifestyle changes if needed for the clients needs. Effects of Massage including the Physiological and psychological effects upon the client: Massage even though it is a holistic experience has been seen to have an effect of other areas of the human body and not just as a way to relax; a massage has been seen to show that it has both physiological and psychological effect upon the clients. Physiological effects are those which are shown upon the body itself and its function whereas psychological effects are those which manifest themselves in the mind and the emotions of the client. There are many different outcomes which could manifest for both on the anatomy and the body systems. In two different clinical trials that have been preformed independently of each other there is a show of the two different effects received after a massage treatment, one for the Physiological effects and one for the psychological effects. In the first trial the objective was to see if the early intervention with massage in children with Down syndrome would help with the motor skills and muscle tone. So parents with children suffering from Down syndrome where asked to attend one of two early intervention classes, one class was a body massage session and the other a reading session after a base line had been assessed upon their severity of the syndrome, some children were not used if sever mobility where involved or they had emotional problems as this might interfere with the trial. Twelve of the children were assigned to the massage sessions and eleven to the control reading session, so in overall there where twenty one children involved in this trial. Each session was scheduled for the same times each week and specific times of the day for both classes, and each session was on an individual basis, the sessions lasted for half an hour each, twice a week for two months, while the reading session was conducted the same way with the therapist holding the child while reading for the half an hour. This was the treatment that the children received in the following sequence: The 30-minute massage therapy session started with the child lying on a small mat on the floor. The therapist conducted the following sequence three times with the child in a supine position: Legs and feet-(a) while forming hands like a letter C and wrapping the fingers around the childs leg, long, milking and twisting strokes from the thigh to the ankles; (b) massaging foot by gliding thumbs across bottom of foot followed by squeezing and tugging each toe; (c) massaging across top of foot by gliding thumbs from ankle to toes; (d) flexing and extending the foot; (e) massaging from ankle to foot and back to ankle; (f) stroking from the ankle up towards the thigh; and (g) back and forth rolling movements (as if making a rope from dough) from the ankle to the thigh. Stomach-(a) slow, circular, rubbing movements to stomach area with one hand; (b) using the palms, hand over hand down the stomach in a paddlewheel fashion; (c) starting with thumbs together at the umbilicus, stroking horizontally to sides of body and then twice above and twice below the umbilicus; (d) using fingertips and starting below the umbilicus on the childs right side, small circular upward movements until even with the umbilicus, then continuing across to the left side, and then down on the left side to below the umbilicus; (e) with one hand following the other, short upward stroking from right side below the umbilicus, then Massage and Down syndrome 401 across the umbilicus to the left side of the body, and then down on the left side to below the umbilicus; and (f) cupping or holding sides of knees, bending both knees simultaneously towards the stomach and holding for three to five seconds. Chest-(a) with palms of hands on childs sternum, stroking outward across chest; (b) starting at sternum, stroking upwards and over tops of shoulders and down the sides of the ribs; and (c) starting at the right thigh, stroking diagonally through the chest to the opposite shoulder and back down to the same thigh; repeat starting at the left thigh; Arms and hands-same as legs and feet (i.e. replace legs with arms and feet with hands). Face-(a) making small circles to entire scalp (as if shampooing hair); (b) with flats of thumbs together on midline of forehead, stroking outward towards the temples; (c) stroking gently over the eyes and brows; (d) starting at the bridge of the nose, stroking across the cheekbones to the ears; and (e) making circular movements under the chin, around the jaw line, around the ears, to the back of the neck and the rest of the scalp. The following sequences were done after placing the children on their stomach (in a prone position). Back-applying oil to the hands: (a) starting at the top of the spine, alternating hand strokes across the back working down towards the tail bone (never pressing the spine) and reaching over to include the sides; (b) hand over hand movements from upper back to hips with flats of hands and then continuing to feet; (c) using circular motion with fingertips, from neck to hips stroking over the long muscles next to the spine and retracing on the other side of the spine; (d) making circular strokes with the palm of the hand to rub the tops of the shoulders; and (e) ending with long gliding strokes from the neck to the feet. As was described in the journal Children with Down syndrome improved in motor functioning and muscle tone following massage therapy (2006). The trial was held at the childrens early intervention pre-school centres, while the test was run by the university of Miami school of medicine. The results of this trial show that there was a greater gain for the results of the children who where massaged in their sessions than to those who where read too. The improvements were shown in the gross motor skills and fine motor skills development of the children as well as a marginal effect in their language development. This then showed that through the early intervention with massage it could help children with Down syndrome enhance their motor development at a faster rate than if they were left to mature in their own way. These results help to show that massage can have a physiological effect upon the body in helping to produce and enhance muscle tone. However, there is the argument that another control group could have been added into the trial to help show whether this is successful or not is a control group that uses light stokes instead of a pressure massage to help with the ethical problems of withholding the intervention from those in the reading session. This was all shown in the clinical trial journal of Children with Down syndrome improved in motor functioning and muscle tone following massage therapy (2006) which is located in the appendices. The second trial is to determine whether or not massage can have a psychological effect on the client and for this the trial was preformed for the Association of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Nurses (2009). The aim of this trial was to reduce symptoms of children with cancer and to reduce the anxiety of their parents. Children with cancer, ages 1 to 18 years, received at least 2 identical cycles of Chemotherapy, and one parent, participated in the 2- period crossover design in which 4 weekly massage sessions alternated with 4 weekly quiet-time control Sessions. As described in the article Massage Therapy for Children with Cancer (2009). To determine if the massage was helping to relieve the psychological symptoms of anxiety in the parents and the symptoms of the children while the trial was progressing they measured everyones heart and respiratory rates, blood pressure, and salivary cortisol level as well as their pain, nausea, anxiety, and fatigue levels. According to the results of this trial the massage was more effective in reducing heart rate than quiet time in the children, the anxiety in the children aged fourteen and older and the anxiety in the adults. The clients all commented upon how the massage rather than the quiet time helped with their anxiety and helped them feel better. So due to their result it is feasible to massage children with cancer and their parents to help relieve their anxiety. Therefore this result helps to show that massage to the body can have a psychological effect upon the client in this sense it has reduced the anxiety of the both the children and the parents although in the younger babies the results did vary a little more than the other ages, but the results of the older children and the adults help to prove that just a massage on its own can have a psychological effect upon the human body. The trial that this assessment was based upon is located in the appendices as clinical trial 2. So both of these trials show that massage can had a successful outcome on the physiological and psychological effects portrayed on the body, they both proved that through a short massage the body can manifest its effects through muscle tone or motor function progression as well as to reduce anxiety in both children and adults. Neither of these two trials have a negative out come and therefore both are a success but there shall be a few trials where massage has not appeared to be successful at all or shows that it is a little less successful than anticipated, these however are normal and show both sides to an ongoing argument about whether massage is actually good for the body, mind and spirit on a whole or if it just theoretically works on the body.